2011/022) To show that 1 = 1/2+1/4+ 1/8 + 1/16+ ….

We can prove from the RHS that

1/2+1/4+ 1/8 + 1/16+ .. is a GP with a= 1/2 and r = 1/2 and the GP converges to

1/2/(1-/12) = 1/2/(1/2) = 1

but beauty lies in expanding from LHS

1 = 1/2 + 1/2
= 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/4 ( take the last term and make into 2 halves)
= 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/8 and so on to get the result

2011/021) Pythagorean triplet with Gaussian Integer

Here we discuss the Pyhagorean triplet using Gaussian integers

As I have discussed in the previous blog entry about Gaussian integers that Gaussian integers are complex number of the form α = u + vi, where u and v are ordinary integers d i is the square root of minus one.

A primitive Pythagorean triple is one in which a and b are coprimes

That is integers (a,b,c) form a primitive Pythagorean triple where a^2+b^2= c^2 and

a and b are coprime

as a and b are co primes both cannot be even and only one can be odd. Both cannot be odd as

a mod 2 = 1 and b mod 2 = 1 shall give a^2 + b^2 mod 4 = 2 which is not a perfect square.

Now c^2 = (a^2+ b^2) = (a+ib)(a-ib)

Now both factors a + ib and a-ib cannot share any common factor that is they most be coprime to each other

So both of them must be perfect squares
Let
(a+ib) = (u+iv)^2 (and so (a-ib) = (u-iv)^2)

squaring RHS we get

a = u^2-v^2
b= 2uv

and c = (u+iv)(u-iv) = (u^2+v^2)

so we get

(u^2-v^2, 2uv, u^2+v^2) as Pythagorean triplet

2011/020) Gaussian Integer

Here i discuss Gaussian integer and property of Gaussian integer

x+iy in complex number is a Gaussian integer if x and y are integers

they are closed under addition subtraction and multiplication

A Gaussian integer a + bi is prime if and only if:

* one of a, b is zero and the other is a prime of the form 4n + 3 or its negative − (4n + 3) (where n \geq 0)
* or both are nonzero and a2 + b2 is prime.


13 is not a Gaussian prime because 13 = 9+4 = (3^2+2^2) = (3+2i)(3-2i)

any prime number of the form 4n+1 can be expressed as sum of 2 squares and cannot be a Gaussian prime.

but a prime of the form 4n+3 cannot be expressed as sum of 2 squares and hence Gaussian prime.

2 is a special prime as it is not odd and 2 = 1^2+1^2 = (1+i)(1-i)

2011/019) Prove that Sin (a +b ) sin (a-b) = sin ^2 a – sin ^2b

The above is an interesting identify in trigonometry and this can be done wrongly with out understanding trigonometry

As we do not know trigonometry we take sin as a multiplier

So sin (a+b) = sin a + sin b

And sin (a-b) = sin a – sin b

Multiply them to get

Sin (a+b) sin (a-b) = (sin a + sin b) (sin a - sin b)
= sin ^2 a – sin ^2 b

however above is wrong but the ans is right

now to the correct approach

Sin (a+b) sin (a-b)
= (sin a cos b + cos a sin b)(sin a cos b – cos a sin b)
= sin ^2 a cos^2b – cos^2 a sin ^2b
= sin ^2 a(1- sin ^2 b) – cos^2 a sin ^2 b
= sin ^2 a – sin ^2 a sin ^2 b – cos^2 a sin^2 b
= sin ^2 a – sin ^2 b(sin ^2 a + cos^2 a)
= sin ^2 a – sin ^2 b


The above example is to demonstrate that we get right result through erroneous approach and one need to be careful about it

2011/018) Prove that in the product

(1-x+x^2-x^3+ ..... - x^99 + x^100) ( 1 +x +x^2 + .. x^99 + x^100) after multiplying there does not appear a term of x odd degree.

this problem is solved by taking coefficient in a couple of books and I try to solve in a different approach

LHS = (1-x^101)/(1-x) * (1+ x^101)/(1+x)
= (1-x^202)/(1-x^2)

if we define f(x) = (1-x^101)/(1-x) then f(x^2) is the given expression and as it is division of p(x^2) by q(x^2) so cannot have any term other than (x^2)^2k or odd power of x

2011/017) if ( p and q) are roots of equation (x-a)(x-b) = c then

-->

Roots of equation (x-p)(x-q) + c are

a) a c

b) bc

c) a,b

d) (a+c), (b+c)

solution

-->

we have

(x-a)(x-b)) - c = x^2- (a+b) x+ (ab-c)

As p and q are roots so p+ q = a + b …1

and pq = ab – c or pq + c = ab …2

Now

(x-p)(x-q) + c = x^2 - (p+ q) x + (pq + c)

= x^2-(a+b)x + ab = (x-a)(x-b) ( from 1 and 2)

So roots are a and b

hence ans is c)

2011/016) a problem with repunit

A number is called repuint if all the digits of the number are 1 that is it is 1 , 11 , 111 so on

in a repunit number with 50 1's the 26th digit from the left is modified to some digit so that is is divisible by 13. what is the digit

Ans:
method 1
say the digit x
the number is 1(25 times)x1(24 times)
= (10^50-1)/9 + (x-1)(10^25-1)/9

we need to find x such that
(10^50-1)/9 + (x-1)(10^25-1)/9 mod 13 = 0

as 9 is coprime to 13

so (10^50-1)+ (x-1) )(10^25 -1)mod 13 = 0


as 10 and 13 are coprime so as per format's little theorem


10^12 = 1 mod 13

so 10^48 = 1 mod 13

so 10^50 = 100 mod 13

so (10^50-1)+ (x-1) )(10 -1) =

(100-1) + 9(x-1) mod 13 = 0

99 + 9x - 9 or 90+9x = 0 mod 13 or 10 +x = 0 mod 13 or x= 3

so ans = 3

Method 2


sequence of 12 1's is divisible by 13 so we subtract sequence of 12 1's and divide by 10^12 and do it 2 times

we get 1...(25times)x

as seqeunece of sequence of 12 1's is divisible by 13 so multiplying by any number so multiply by 10^14 and subtract

we get 1..(13 times) x

as sequence of 12 1's is divisible by 13 so multiplying by any number so multiply by 10^2 and subtract

1x is the number and divisible by 13 so x = 3